Welcome back to our twice-weekly  installment of our still-in-progress book on the apostles.  Starting today, we look at James, the Son of Alphaeus.
Our information regarding this James (whose name, in Greek and Hebrew, is actually “Jacob”) is very scant indeed. Most of what we know for certain comes from general statements about the apostles in the gospels and Acts. There is little more than this.
James, the Brother of a Tax Collector
As seen in the last chapter, Matthew (Levi) was also called âthe son of Alphaeus.â Mark is the only one who mentions this fact, and within one chapter, mentions someone else who is âthe son of Alphaeus.â1 There is no reason at all to mention Matthewâs father if it wasnât the same Alphaeus.2 It is possible that James, too, worked with his brother and that they were both tax collectors. If this is the case, then James may have become a disciple of Jesus the same day.3
Regardless of his occupation, James, like his brother Matthew, was a man from Galilee, like the rest of the apostles4Â (except, perhaps, for Judas Iscariot).5
James, the Wee Little Man?
Most writers identify James, the son of Alphaeus, with a man known as âJames the lessâ in Mark 15:40. The word translated âlessâ is the Greek word mikro (where we get âmicroâ). Itâs the same word that was used to describe Zacchaeus, the âwee little manâ who was âshort of stature.â6 This word can also mean younger, as in the younger brother. The main reasons given for connecting these two are:
- There are three men named âJamesâ who Mark mentions prior to this point, and it would make very little sense to mentionânear the end of the gospelâsomeone being related to a âJamesâ who has nothing to do with the story, and who hasnât been mention at all. Thus, it must be one of the three men mentioned previously in the book.
- James, the son of Zebedee, is always described as such, and is almost always connected with John. Since neither John nor Zebedee are mentioned in Mark 15:40, it cannot be that James.7
- James, the brother of the Lord is mentioned only in passing by Mark, so (it is claimed) it cannot be him.8
- Therefore (the conclusion goes), it must be James, the son of Alphaeus.9
This sounds good on the surface, but it is based on guesswork. The evidence is actually more in favor of âJames the lessâ being the brother of Jesus instead of one of the apostles.10
James, the son of Alphaeus
The man known as Alphaeus is said by many to be the same man as Cleophas,11Â Cleopas,12Â or Clopas,13Â due to a similarity in the pronunciation in Hebrew,14Â though this is a matter of speculation.15Â If indeed Alphaeus is to be identified with one of these men (or both, if Cleophas and Cleopas are the same man), then that would make for quite an impressive family: two apostles, whose parents were both disciples of Jesusâthe mother being at the cross, and the father meeting with Jesus on the road to Emmaus.
-Bradley S. Cobb
1Â Compare Mark 2:14 with 3:18.
2 Most Bible dictionaries seem to ignore this common sense explanation and say that there were two different men named âAlphaeus.â The question then arises: If this is the case, why did Mark mention Matthewâs father at all? Certainly the Roman readers would have had no idea who this Alphaeus was, so it wasnât as though Mark was appealing to their existing knowledge. Alphaeus doesnât appear in the gospel narratives at all, so it wasnât because Mark was introducing a new character that would appear later. The only reasonable conclusion is that Matthew (the son of Alphaeus) is the brother of James (the son of Alphaeus).
3Â This possibility is mentioned by David Smith in Jamesâ Hastings Dictionary of the Bible, âJames, the son of Alphaeus.â
4Â Acts 1:11, 2:7.
5 Judas was probably from a small town in Judah. See the chapter on Judas for more details.
6 Luke 19:2-3. The phrase âwee little manâ is not in the text, but is found in a childrenâs song about Zacchaeus the tax collector.
7Â Matthew 27:56 also confirms this, by identifying the mother of Zebedeeâs children as a different woman from âMary, the mother of James and Joses.â
8 The same thing can be said about James, the son of Alphaeus, as well. Both he and the brother of the Lord are mentioned just once in Markâs gospel account.
9 This is compelling to an extent, but it must be pointed out that Mark mentions that the âMaryâ who was the mother of âJames the lessâ is also the mother of âJoses.â The only âJosesâ mentioned in Mark is the brother of Jesus (and the brother of James), whose mother is named âMaryâ (see Mark 6:3). So, if we accept this argument, then instead of proving this to be James, the son of Alphaeus, the evidence would actually prove it to be James, the brother of the Lord.
10Â See the previous footnote, as well as the section âJames the Lessâ in the chapter on James, the Brother of Jesus.
11Â John 19:25
12Â Luke 24:18
13Â John 19:25, ASV
14Â The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (âClopas; Cleophasâ) says âUpon the philological ground of a variety in pronunciation of the Hebrew root, [Clopas is] sometimes identified with Alpheus, the father of James the Less.â
15 James Hastingsâ, Dictionary of the Bible (âCleopasâ) says it is âa matter of dispute.â Hastingsâ Dictionary of Christ in the Gospels (âClopas,â âCleophas,â and âCleopasâ) shows that thereâs not even agreement on whether Cleophas and Cleopas are the same individual, let alone that Alphaeus is another name for one or both of them. Smithâs Bible Dictionary (âCleopasâ) says âSome think that this [Cleopas] is the same Cleophas as in John 19:25. But, they are probably two different persons. Cleopas is a Greek name, contracted from Cleopater, while Cleophas, or Clopas as in the Revised Version, is an Aramaic name.â